Historically the production of pottery Pottery is the ceramic ware made by potters. Major types of pottery include earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. The places where such wares are made are called potteries. Pottery is one of the oldest human technologies and art-forms, and remains a major industry today. Ceramic art covers the art of pottery, whether in items made for use or has been a characteristic of human activity in most areas of the world. Over time, each culture has established terms which define tools, ingredients and production techniques. Terms currently in use may be derived from a variety of pottery traditions.
List of Pottery and Ceramic terms
(links to Wiktionary noted as "W" for more information)
- Ball clay Ball clays are kaolinitic sedimentary clays, that commonly consist of 20-80% kaolinite, 10-25% mica, 6-65% quartz. Localized seams in the same deposit have variations in composition, including the quantity of the major minerals, accessory minerals and carbonaceous materials such as lignite. They are fine-grained and plastic in nature. A secondary clay moved from the parent rock, ball clay is often mixed with other clays and minerals, organic matter are frequently present. Ball clays commonly exhibit high plasticity and high dry strength.(W)
- Bat. Or "batt." Less commonly also known as a "batterboard", thin slab of wood, plaster, or plastic used to support pottery forms during throwing, attached to the head of the potter's wheel by clay body or "bat pins".
- Bisque Bisque, also called biscuit, is a fired piece of unglazed ceramic ware. Depending on the technique and materials used, it is either the final article, such as dolls' heads, or an intermediary stage before the article has a coating of glaze applied and is then fired again or Biscuit. Pottery that has been fired but not yet glazed. (W)
- Bloating. The permanent swelling of a ceramic article during firing caused by the evolution of gases. (W)
- Blunging. The wet process of blending, or suspending ceramic raw materials in liquid by agitation. (W)
- Body. The structural portion of a ceramic article, or the material or mixture from which it is made. (W)
- Bone Ash. Calcined animal bone used in the production of bone china Bone china is a type of porcelain that is composed of bone ash, feldspar and kaolin. Developed by English potter Josiah Spode, bone china is known for its hardness, high level of whiteness and translucency. The component responsible for bone china's famous whiteness and translucency is the calcined bone ash, which makes up to 50% of bone china's. (W)
- Bone china. Vitreous, translucent pottery made from a body of the following approximate composition: 45-50% calcined bone, 20-25% kaolin. 25-30% china stone. (W)
- Candling (W)
- Casting, slip casting (W)
- Ceramic (W)
- China (W)
- Chamotte. A ceramic material formed by the high temperature firing of a refractory clay, after which it is crushed and graded to size. Used as the a non-plastic component of some clay bodies. (W)
- Clay Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained minerals, which show plasticity through a variable range of water content, and which can be hardened when dried and/or fired. Clay deposits are mostly composed of clay minerals , minerals which impart plasticity and harden when fired and/or dried, and variable amounts of. A group of hydrous aluminium phyllosilicate minerals. Often also used to refer to the clay body, which sometimes may only contain small amounts of clay Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained minerals, which show plasticity through a variable range of water content, and which can be hardened when dried and/or fired. Clay deposits are mostly composed of clay minerals , minerals which impart plasticity and harden when fired and/or dried, and variable amounts of minerals. (W)
- Clay body. The material used to form the body of a piece of pottery. Thus a potter might order such an amount of earthenware body, stoneware body or porcelain body from a supplier of ceramic materials. (W)
- Cone, pyrometric cone Pyrometric cones are pyrometric devices that are used to gauge heatwork during the firing of ceramic materials. The cones, often used in sets of three as shown in the illustration, are positioned in a kiln with the wares to be fired and provide a visual indication of when the wares have reached a required state of maturity, a combination of time. (W)
- Crawling. A parting and contraction of the glaze on the surface of ceramic ware during drying or firing, resulting in unglazed areas bordered by coalesced glaze. (W)
- Crazing. A glaze fault characterised by the cracking of fired glazes and due to high tensile stresses. (W)
- Crock. synonym of pot. (W)
- Crocker. synonym of potter (archaic). (W)
- Crockery. synonym of pottery. (W)
- Deairing. The removal of entrapped air from a mass or slurry, often by the application of a vacuum. (W)
- Deflocculate. To separate agglomerates in a slurry by chemical means, and so decrease viscosity. (W)
- Dunt. A crack caused by thermal shock, especially if ware cooled too rapidly after it has been fired. (W)
- Earthenware (W)
- Enamel In a discussion of material science, enamel is the colorful result of fusing powdered glass to a substrate by firing, usually between 750 and 850 degrees Celsius. The powder melts and flows and hardens to a smooth, durable vitreous coating on metal, glass or ceramic. According to some sources, the word enamel comes from the High German word (W) Coloured, glass-like decoration applied to ceramic wares. Also called on-glaze decoration. Often made by mixing metal oxides with a lead-based flux. Enamels are usually fired to temperatures in the range of about 700 to 800 degrees Celsius.
- Eutectic. An invariant point on an equilibrium diagram. A mixture of two substances which has the lowest melting point in the whole series of possible compositions. (W)
- Engobe. A slip coating applied to a ceramic body for imparting colour, opacity or other characteristics. It may subsequently be covered with a glaze. (W)
- Faience Faience or faïence is the conventional name in English for fine tin-glazed pottery on a delicate pale buff body, associated with Faenza in northern Italy. The invention of a white pottery glaze suitable for painted decoration, by the addition of an oxide of tin to the slip of a lead glaze, was a major advance in the history of pottery. The (W)
- Fettling. The removal, in the unfired state of excess body left in the shaping of pottery-ware at such places as seams and edges. (W)
- Flatware (W)
- Flux The word flux comes from Latin: fluxus means "flow", and fluere is "to flow". As fluxion, this term was introduced into differential calculus by Isaac Newton. A substance that promotes fusion in a given mixture of raw materials. (W)
- Frit. A product made by quenching and breaking up a glass of a specific composition. Common uses include as components of a glaze or enamel. (W)
- Glaze. A coating that has been matured to the glassy state on a formed ceramic article, or the material or mixture from which the coating is made. (W)
- Greenware. Unfired articles.
- Grog. See chamotte, above. (W)
- Hollowware. (W)
- Kaolin.or china clay, white or off-white firing kaolinitic. USed to make porcelain(W)
- Kiln spurs. are supports, often in the shape of a tripod, used to maintain the shape and separate pieces of ceramic A ceramic is an inorganic, non-metallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling. Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may be amorphous . Because most common ceramics are crystalline, the definition of ceramic is often restricted to inorganic crystalline materials, as opposed to the non- during the firing process.
- Jigger. A machine for the shaping of clay body into flatware by the differential rotation of a profile tool and mould. Also the process. (W)
- Jolley. To shape hollowware by the same process as jigger. (W)
- Leather-hard The condition of a clay or clay body when it has been partially dried to the point where all shrinkage has been completed. (W)
- Maturity. The combined effects of firing time and firing temperature on ceramic wares in a kiln. Within limits, wares fired at low temperatures for extended periods may develop a degree of maturity similar to that achieved by applying higher firing temperatures for shorter periods. (W)
- Modulus of Rupture. The maximum transverse breaking stress applied under specified conditions, that a material will withstand before fracture. It is used as a common quality control test used for both ceramic rawmaterials and ceramic bodies. (W)
- Muffle kiln. A kiln used for firing enamelled decoration, constructed so as to protect wares from direct flame and from smoke, soot, ash and other contaminants.
- Once-fired, green-fired (W)
- Overglaze (W) See Enamel, above.
- Oxidation Redox describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. This can be either a simple redox process such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH4), or it can be a complex process such as the oxidation of sugar in the human body (W)
- Pinholes. Faults in the surface of a ceramic body or glaze which resemble pin pricks. (W)
- Porcelain Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating raw materials, generally including clay in the form of kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 °C and 1,400 °C (2,552 °F). The toughness, strength, and translucence of porcelain arise mainly from the formation of glass and the mineral mullite within the fired body at these high. A vitreous ceramic material. Traditionally considered to be white and if, of thin section, translucent. (W)
- Potsherd In archaeology, a sherd is commonly a historic or prehistoric fragment of pottery, although the term is occasionally used to refer to fragments of stone and glass vessels as well. (W)
- Potter. A person who makes pots or other ceramic art and wares. (W)
- Potter's clay. The clay used by the potter (W)
- Pottery Pottery is the ceramic ware made by potters. Major types of pottery include earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. The places where such wares are made are called potteries. Pottery is one of the oldest human technologies and art-forms, and remains a major industry today. Ceramic art covers the art of pottery, whether in items made for use or. All fired ceramic wares or materials which, when shaped, contain a significant amount of clay. Exceptions are those used for technical, structural or refractory applications. Pottery is also: (1) the art and wares made by potters; (2) a ceramic material (3) a place where pottery wares are made; and (4) the business of the potter. (W)
- Published definitions of Pottery include:
- -- "All fired ceramic wares that contain clay when formed, except technical, structural, and refractory products."[1]
- -- "China, earthenware and any article made from clay or from a mixture containing clay and other materials."[2]
- -- "A class of ceramic artifacts in which clay is formed into containers by hand or in molds or with a potter's wheel, often decorated, and fired"[3]
- -- "The term pottery includes many varieties of ware from the crudest vessels of prehistoric times to the most beautiful decorated porcelains, stoneware and earthenware; it also includes many articles such as large grain-jars used in ancient times for storing corn and other dry materials, wine-jars and modern sanitaryware and the large tanks for containing corrosive acids. Many kinds of earthenware, stoneware and porcelains are used for scientific and experimental purposes as well as electrical apparatus (insulators, switch-bases, sparking plugs and bases or frames for electrical heating appliances)."[4]
- Pug. Also pug mill. A machine for consolidating plastic clay or body into a firm column. It consists of a barrel which tapers at one end to a die, through which the clay or body is forced by knives mounted on a shaft which rotates centrally to the barrel. A vacuum system may be installed to de-ier the clay or clay body. (W)
- Pyrometric cones Pyrometric cones are pyrometric devices that are used to gauge heatwork during the firing of ceramic materials. The cones, often used in sets of three as shown in the illustration, are positioned in a kiln with the wares to be fired and provide a visual indication of when the wares have reached a required state of maturity, a combination of time. (W)
- Roller-head machine(W)
- Saggar. A lidded or covered ceramic box used to protect wares from direct flame, smoke, fuel-ash or cinders during firing.(W)
- Scrafito. This is a decorating technique where a slip is applied to a leather-hard piece of clay and left to dry. Once the slip is dry a host of different tools are used to carve into the clay to remove the slip and leave an embedded decoration behind.
- Slip A suspension of clay, clay body or glaze in water.(W)
- Soaking(W)
- Stoneware. A vitreous or semivitreous ceramic material. Traditionally made primarily from nonrefractory fire clay.(W)
- Terracotta (W)
- Throwing The term used when referring to forming or shaping on a potter's wheel. (W)
- Underglaze (W)
- Water Absorption. The mass of water absorbed by a porous ceramic material, under specified conditions, expressed as a percentage of the mass of the dry material. It is used as a common quality control test used for both ceramic raw materials and ceramic bodies. (W)
- Wedging. A procedure for preparing clay or a clay body by hand: the lump of clay is repeatedly thrown down on a work bench; between each operation the lump is turned and sometimes cut through and rejoined in a different orientation. The object is to disperse the water more uniformly, to remove lamination and to remove air. (W)
References
- ^ American ASTM Standard C 242-01 Standard Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products.
- ^ COSHH in the Production of Pottery, Approved Code of Practice. HM Stationery Office 1990.
- ^ Ashmore and Sharer 2000:252.
- ^ The Chemistry and Physics of Clays. 3rd edition. A.Searle & R.W.Grimshaw. Ernest Benn. 1959.
- ASTM Standard C242-00. Standard Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products.
- Dictionary of Ceramics 3rd edition. Dodd A., Murfin D. The Instiutue of Materials. 1994.
Categories: Pottery Categories: Art media | Arts and crafts | Crafts | Plastic arts | Ceramic art
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JUNE 8 2007 new mexico magazine reviews villages villagers i placed for you on a table a bouquet of flowers Maria don t be ungrateful Give me your love This charming and gentle song is one that the author remembers being sung among many tunes in his village The author s first collection Memories of Cibola tells tales of Pena s childhood on his family s sheep ranch near Grants from the 1920s to 50s Now Pena has followed up the success of his first volume with Villages Villagers Stories from New Mexico Villages Reading this book is like rummaging through an old jewelry box full of treasures or finding a hidden shoebox of photographs and mementos One story leads to another in a kind of treasure hunt Each essay serves as a mini meditation on a theme It is often a homey subject such as chicos the tasty corn in the h…
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look at . pottery terms. and their application to objects, a field of work that appears in the first reference given above, and in. labov, william 1978. denotational structure. papers from the parasession on the. lexicon. ...
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